Tumor Chart

?Long bones & post elements

Nidus < 1cm, if > 2cm = osteoblastoma

(subperiosteal = ±scalloping)

Cortical/medullary = intense sclerosis

± calcified central nidus

thickened

none

10 to 35

Benign active

Osteoid with fibrovascular tissue between trabeculae

Stress #, Brodie’s abscess, osteoblastoma, bone island (cold bone scan)

Pain relieved by NSAIDs, scoliosis, hot bone scan

None, NSAIDs, curettage, ablation, en bloc

?post elements, met/dia of long bones, skull

> 2 cm, progressive

Usually lytic, also sclerotic, resemble ABC if lytic

Geographic, sclerotic rim, ±neocorticalization

Poorly visible osteoblastic, bone if small

Aggressive can erode

Neocorticalization if present

10 to 35

Benign aggressive

Trabeculae in fibrovascular stroma, may coexist with GCT or ABC

OO, ABC (esp. spine), GCT, Brodie’s, osteosarc, chondrosarc, chondroblastoma (epiphyseal)

Hot bone scan, difficult to differentiate from osteosarc

En bloc or curettage/bone graft/cement, (RR = 10 – 20%)

Bone surface, calvarium

Variable

Focal, dense, homogenous bone, geographic

None

Sclerotic

Smooth, merge

none

Dx in 5^th dec

Benign hamartomatous

Heavily ossified tissue

Parosteal osteosarc, osteochondroma, periostitis, met

Assoc. with Gardner’s synd (auto dom, intestinal polyposis, ST fibromas, sebaceous cysts) ? fibrosarc, ampulla of Vater carcinoma, thyroid Ca

Excise if symptomatic

Metaphyseal, knee, shoulder, hip

variable

Metaphysis may be expanded and remodeled

Remodelling

Enchondral ossification of cartilage cap, cartilaginous matrix prior to maturity

Contiguous marrow cavity, grows away from epiphysis

Non-ossified cartilage cap >1 or 2 cm in an adult suggests malignant transformation (chondrosarcoma)

10 to 35

Benign latent, parosteal or surface lesion

Cartilage cap matures into trabecular bone

Juxtacortical myositis ossificans, periosteal chondroma, surface or soft tissue osteosarcoma

Assoc. with familial osteochondromatosis, MRI shows thickness of cartilage cap, CT shows contiguous marrow, malignant transformation risk 1% for solitary, higher more proximal

Asymptomatic = no treatment, excise if painful or NV compression, recurrence rate if immature

Metadiaphysis, femur, humerus, diaphyseal in hand (prox phal > MC > mid phal > dist phal

3 to 5 cm, smaller in hands and feet

Minor endosteal erosion, hand lesions may be quite aggressive but are still benign

Geographic, little endosteal response

Popcorn calcification in long bones, radiolucent in hand and foot

Cortical erosion usually only in hand and foot

None, rarely enchondroma protuberans in hand

15 to 40

Benign latent, except pathologic # in phalanges

Well-circumscribed lobules of cartilage

Medullary bone infarct, GCT in metacarpals, fibrous dysplasia, UBC, chondrosarcoma

Assoc. with Ollier’s and Maffucci’s, worrisome = endosteal scalloping, permeative lucency, rare malignant transformation

Biopsy if change with time, persistent pain, worrisome Xray features. Xray @ 3, 6 12 months. Curettage & BG

Proximal tibia, distal femur, metaphyseal, eccentric

3 to 10 cm

radiolucent

Geographic, sharp sclerotic margin

Not usually seen

Cortical erosion or ballooning

None

10 to 30

Benign aggressive cartilage lesion

Firm, tan tissue with lobular pattern, myxoid or chondroid matrix

GCT, ABC, UBC, nonossifying fibroma, chondroblastoma, infection, osteoblastoma, Brown tumour, telangiectatic/chondroblastic osteosarcoma

Biopsy, curettage & BG or marginal excision, recurrence < 20%

Epiphyseal/apophyseal, femur > humerus > tibia > pelvis > tarsal bones

Variable

Lytic lesion with geographic margin

Sclerotic rim of reactive bone

Lytic, possible internal cartilaginous calcifications

Expansion if metaphyseal

None

5 to 25

Benign aggressive giant cell and chondroid type lesion

Proliferating chondroblasts, chondroid matrix (pink not blue), numerous giant cells

Degenerative joint cyst, enchondroma, clear cell chondrosarcoma, GCT

GCT is usually epiphyseal-metaphyseal and has no calcifications, no ossifications, and no sclerotic margin

Thorough curettage & BG, recurrence 10 to 30%

Eccentric, subperiosteal, external to cortex, metaphyseal cortex of long bones, esp. prox humerus, tibia, femur, and small tubular bones of hands and feet

Variable

Periosteal, causes cortical erosion

Well defined, shallow, geographic, peripheral periosteal elevation and reaction

Radiolucent, scattered calcifications

Cortical erosion

always

2^nd to 4^th decades

Benign active, slow growing, rare

Hyaline cartilage, nodules on surface of the cortex

Periosteal chondrosarcoma or osteosarcoma, adjacent soft tissue neoplasm

En bloc resection, narrow margin

Periarticular, intra-articular loose bodies, knee >> hip, shoulder, elbow, ankle

Multiple calcified bodies, mm to cms

Degenerative arthritis

Mild reactive sclerosis from bone erosion

Cartilage +/- calcification/ossification

N/A

Extension into bursae around distended joints

3^rd to 5^th decades

Benign cartilaginous lesion

Nodules of chondroid tissue both free and within synovium

Loose bodies: secondary osteochondromatosis, osteochondral #, OA, Charcot, osteochondritis dessicans

Remove loose bodies, total synovectomy

Distal femur and tibia, eccentric, cortical, metaphyseal

< 4cm

Radiolucent, elliptical

Sharp demarcation, thin sclerotic margin

none

Entirely a cortical lesion

None

Age 4 to 8

Benign latent

Cortex replaced with fibrous tissue, spindle cell proliferation, storiform pattern, giant cells, ++iron (Prussian blue)

Infection, chondromyxoid fibroma, fibrous histiocytoma, nonossifying fibroma

Symptomatic almost exclusively in children, spontaneously resolves with cessation of growth

Observation, 3,6,12 months if lesion atypical

Tibia and femur, expands into medullary cavity

> 4cm

Fracture risk as enlargens

Thin, sclerotic, lobulated margin

None

Expanded and thinned

None

<30

Benign latent or active

Identical to fibrous cortical defect

ABC, fibrous dysplasia, chondromyxoid fibroma

Arises from a fibrous cortical defect that enlarges into metaphysic, most lesions spontaneously heal

Curettage & BG +/- ORIF if: atypical location, questionable diagnosis, intractable pain, impending path #

Ribs > femur > tibia > maxilla > mandible > skull > humerus, usually spares epiphysis but can be throughout bone

Variable, can involve entire bone

Lytic to ground glass, endosteal expansion

Well-demarcated sclerotic border, limited periosteal response

Osseous matrix if present can produce ground glass appearance

Endosteal erosion

None

Late childhood into adulthood

Benign latent, active, or aggressive

Cellular fibrous tissue with immature woven bone “Chinese character” shapes

UBC, nonossifying fibroma, solitary EG, ABC, GCT, hemangioma, infection, central low-grade osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Ewing’s

Fibrous dysplasia is the third most common cause of secondary osteosarcoma arising in diseased bone after Paget’s and radiation

Biopsy may be required for diagnosis, bracing, activity modification

Femur > craniofacial bones > tibia > humerus > ribs > fibula

May progress in size and number until skeletal maturity

Geographic, more aggressive than monostotic

Endosteal expansion

Same as monostotic

Fusiform expansion of cortex

None

Younger than monostotic, esp. if endocrine disorder

Same as monostotic

Multiple enchondromatosis, Paget’s, Brown tumour, metastasis, von Recklinghausen’s (NF, café au lait), MM, EG

Earlier onset = more progressive, 25% polyostotic, assoc. with McCune-Albright syndrome

Bone scan useful for detecting multiple lesions, can usually be diagnoses on Xray

Usually proximal anterior tibia, eccentric, diaphyseal

Variable

Osteolytic

Blister-like areas of cortical lucency surrounded by dense sclerosis, geographic

radiolucent

Intact and expanded

None

<20

Benign active or aggressive

Woven bone trabeculae in fibrous stroma

Adamantinoma (age), fibrous dysplasia, nonossifying fibroma, osteoblastoma, ABC

Very rare, can progress to adamantinoma

Observe if asymptomatic, high recurrence if <10, excision & BG

75% in epi/metaphysic of long bones, 50% around knee, distal radius, prox humerus, vertebrae, sacrum

Usually >50% bone diameter

Lytic, geographic, often extends to subchondral bone

Expansile, usually non-sclerotic

None

Neocorticalization if perforates cortex

Almost always occurs by eroding through cortex (as opposed to Ewing’s), 20%

80% > 20 years old, <5% with open plates

Benign aggressive, rarely metastatic (5%)

Multinucleated giant cells, hemosiderin = low signal on both T1 and T2

ABC, Brown tumour (Serum Ca), telangiectatic osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteoblastoma

Campanacci stages:
1. early, bone has normal contour
2. active, erosion, expansion
3. destructive, poor margin, cortical break +/- path #

Expendable bone = wide en bloc, non-expendable = curettage, adjuvant phenol/Nitrogen, BG or cement, 10-25% recur

Spine (esp. post), femur, tibia, metaphysic of long bones, usually eccentric, can be diaphyseal

Variable, usually > 5cm

Lytic and expansile

Marginal sclerotic rim, neocorticalization

None

Eroded

Generally contained lesion

<30, 80% <20

Benign aggressive, not metastaic

Hemorrhagic cystic tissue, lacks endothelial cell lining, walls are fibrous tissue and giant cells

UBC (generally central), GCT (may co-exist), osteoblastoma, telangiectatic osteosarcoma

ABC and osteoblastoma both appear in posterior spine, MRI = multicystic, fluid-fluid level, markedly expansile

Open biopsy, curettage & BG/cement, recurrence 10-20%, en bloc in expendable bone

Central medullary lesion, thought to begin in metaphysic and migrate to diaphysis, 80% = prox humerus or prox femur, also ilium, calcaneus, talus

Can be quite large

Lytic, lobulated borders

Geographic, thin sclerotic margin

None

Often circumferential endosteal erosion

None

80-90% < 20, younger = more active

Benign latent or active lesion of bone

green-yellow fluid, wall is fibrous tissue

ABC, fibrous dysplasia, chondromyxoid fibroma, telangiectatic osteosarcoma, infection, nonossifying fibroma

Fallen leaf sign = cortical fragment falls into lesion in path #, MRI = fluid-fluid only if path #, minimal bony expansion

Plain films and aspiration usually diagnostic, open biopsy if no fluid or hemorrhagic

Diaphyseal or metaphyseal, skull, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and long bones (mostly femur and humerus), almost never hands or feet

Variable

Lytic, can be patchy, long bone expansion less common, path # common in spine (vertebra plana)

Commonly geographic, minimal metaphyseal sclerosis, may be periosteal reaction or onion skinning

None, except hazy matrix at resolution stage

Thinned, scalloped, onion skinning

Rarely

5 to 10, rare after 30

Benign active or aggressive, can be multiple, tumour-like disorder, belongs to Langerhans’ cell histiocytoses

Friable tan tissue, histiocytes, Langerhans’ cells (S100+, Birbeck granules on EM), eosinophils, giant cells

UBC (usually metaphyseal, larger, less painful), osteomyelitis,
Onion skinning = Ewing’s, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma

Often heals spontaneously (months to years),
Biopsy may trigger healing

Indications: 1.diagnosis, 2.persistent pain, 3.prevention or treatment of pathologic fracture.
Diagnosed lesions may be observed

Spine > craniofacial > femur or humerus > hands and feet

Variable

Vertebrae = vertical striations (corduroy), honeycombing

Rarefaction, reactive ossification

None

“disappearing bone disease”, ballooning

Rarely

40 to 60

Benign latent or active, often incidental

Hemorrhagic, vessels, dilated capillaries between bone trabeculae

Spine = Paget’s (picture frame appearance, expansion), myeloma, metastasis

Gorham’s disease (massive lysis that can cross joints)

Asymptomatic = no treatment, vertebra collapse treated if neuro deficit, chronic pain, pre-op embolization

Central Osteosarcoma

Conventional (75%)

Metaphysis, may extend across physis, distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus, flat bones

Large (>5 cm)

Permeative, patchy lytic/sclerotic

Sunburst, Codman’s triangle, no marginating reaction

Osteoid with variable sclerosis

Erosion

May occur without cortical destruction, poorly organized bony matrix

2 to25;
Secondary osteosarcomas (Paget’s) >50

Methotrexate, adriamycin, cisplatin, ifosphamide

Osteoid in lace-like, or sheet-like pattern, cells spindle, epithelioid, or small and round

GCT, ABC, Ewing’s, osteoblastoma, mets, lymphoma

Alk phos, LDH often elevated, local recurrence is almost always associated with metastases, removal of lung mets often prolongs survival, radiation ineffective

Biopsy with MSK oncologist, neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to limb salvage, 5-yr survival 50-85%,

Telangiectatic

Metaphysis femur, tibia, humerus

Lytic, expansile, rarely permeative

+/- periosteal reaction

Usually, with hemorrhage

Chemo-responsive

ABC, GCT, Brown tumour, osteoblastoma

Similar to conventional

Low-Grade

Most metaphysis of long bones, less diaphysis

Large

Lytic with internal sclerosis/ trabeculations

Wide zone of transition

Not usually

Young adults, mean 30

Difficult to diff from fibrous dysplasia, minimal atypia

Fibrous dysplasia, fibrosarc, infection, lymphoma

Better prognosis than conventional, rare path #

In Pagetoid Bone

46 to 91

Usually high grade

Also chondrosarc, fibrosarc, MFH

Prognosis worse: large, axial, older (no chemo)

Small Cell

Metaphyseal distal femur, humerus

Sclerotic or mixed, permeative

Codman’s

Usually

10 to 30

Sheets of small, round, blue cells

Ewing’s

Rare, differs from Ewing’s by making osteoid

Surface

Parosteal

2/3 post distal femur, prox medial humerus, lat prox tibia

Large

“Applied” to bone (plasticine), may encircle

Juxtacortical sclerotic mass, lobulated large base

Chemo if high grade

Fibrous, osseous, cartilaginous elements. Often low-grade, well-formed trabeculae

Periosteal osteosarc or chondrosarc, myositis ossificans, exostosis

Highest osteosarcoma prognosis

Biopsy with MSK surgical oncologist, wide resection, chemo if high grade

High-Grade Parosteal (Dedifferentiated)

2/3 post distal femur, prox medial humerus, lat prox tibia

Large

Maybe

”

Chemo

Rare

Similar to central

Periosteal

Metaphyseal and diaphyseal femur and tibia

Destructive, periosteal reaction, Codman’s

Periosteal new bone in spiculed pattern

Stippled calcification, denser at base

Scooped out

Chemo if high grade

Generally low grade

High-grade surface osteosarc, periosteal chondrosarc, Myositis oss.

Wide excision

Central

Prox/dist femur, prox humerus, scapula, pelvis

>5 cm, variable

Geographic, destruction proportional to grade

Endosteal expansion

Punctuate calcifications

Endosteal scalloping, maybe cortical thickening

More in high grade

30-70

Not effective primary therapy, rads can be used if wide resection not possible

Myxoid or chondroid, binucleate cartilage cells, grade determined by atypia

Enchondroma, osteosarc, fibrosarc, MFH, mets, chordoma if sacrum

More distal location is more likely benign, lung mets can be years after

Biopsy with MSK surgical oncologist, wide resection

Periosteal

Surface

May invade canal

Periosteal chondrome, periosteal osteosarc

Clear cell

Epiphysis or metaphysic of long bone, esp. prox femur and humerus

Lytix, geographic

Sharp sclerotic margins

uncommon

Intact but may be expanded

20-40

chondroblastoma

Rare, low grade, can metastasize

Wide resection

Mesenchymal

Lytic, destructive, permeative

10-30

Sometimes chemo

Small, round, blue cells with chondroid

Rare, high grade, poor prognosis

Wide resection

Dedifferentiated

Similar to central

Similar to central

Mix of chondrosarc with fibrosarc or MFH

Rare, high grade, usually mets by 2 yrs

Wide resection

Pelvis, dist femur, prox tib, prox humerus, central > eccentric

Usually > 5cm

lytic

Permeative, no sclerosis

radiolucent

Thinned, destroyed, maybe periosteal rxn

Common in high grade

20-60

No.
rads for palliation

Herringbone pattern spindle cells, atypia

MM, solitary met, GCT, MFH, dediff chondrosarc, (Ewing’s if < 25)

Biopsy with MSK surgical oncologist, wide resection

Metaphysic of long bones, 50% in femur

Usually > 5cm

Lytic, destructive

Permeative, but may have sclerotic margin in low grade

rarely

Erosion

Usually

Bimodal 50-60, and 20-30

Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemo

Malignant spindle cells in storiform pattern, mix of giant cells, histiocytes

Unknown cell of origin

Biopsy with MSK surgical oncologist, wide resection, chemo